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OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-pulmonary fibrosis effect of linarin in vivo and in vitro， and investigate its mechanism preliminarily. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into normal group （carboxymethylcellulose sodium）， model group （carboxymethylcellulose sodium）， positive control group （pirfenidone， 200 mg/kg）， linarin low-dose and high-dose groups （12.5， 25 mg/kg）， with 8 mice in each group. Except for normal group， pulmonary fibrosis model was induced in other groups. After modeling， they were given relevant medicine intragastrically， once a day， for consecutive 14 d. The general situation of mice was observed， and their lung indexes were measured； the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and transforming growth factor-β1（ TGF-β1） in serum and interleukin-6 （IL-6） in lung tissue were determined. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining and Masson staining were used to observe the histopathological morphology of lung. The pulmonary fibrosis was scored according to Ashcroft score standard. The expressions of α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA） and （type Ⅰ collagen， Collagen Ⅰ）， phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase （p-ERK1/2） and TGF-β1 in lung tissues were detected. HFL1 cells were stimulated by TGF- β1 to form pulmonary fibrosis model in vitro， which were divided into normal group， model group and linarin low-， medium- and high-concentration groups （3.7， 7.4， 14.8 mg/L）. After being cultured for 48 h， the protein expressions of α-SMA， Collagen Ⅰ and p-ERK1/2 in HFL1 cells were detected. RESULTS In vivo， compared with normal group， the lung index of model group and the levels of TNF- α， TGF- β1 and IL-6 were significantly increased （P＜0.01）. There were a large number of inflammatory infiltration and cellular fibrosis lesions in the alveoli， and a large number of collagen depositions. The scores of HE staining and Masson staining were significantly increased （P＜0.01）. The protein expressions of α-SMA， Collagen Ⅰ， p-ERK1/2 and TGF-β1 in lung tissue were up-regulated significantly （P＜0.01）. Compared with model group， above indexes of mice were improved significantly in linarin high-dose group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）， and most of indexes （except for lung index） were improved significantly in linarin low-dose group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. In vitro， compared with blank group， the density of cells in the model group increased， and obvious proliferation and other changes occurred； protein expressions of α-SMA， Collagen Ⅰ and p-ERK1/2 were significantly up-regulated （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with model group， the cell density of each concentration group was decreased and the morphology gradually returned to normal； the expressions of above proteins in linarin high-concentration group and the protein expression of p-ERK1/2 in linarin medium-concentration group were down-regulated significantly（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS Linarin may regulate ERK and inflammatory pathways to reduce the inflammatory response， thereby exerting anti-pulmonary fibrosis effect.
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Objective To compare the prevalence and correlation factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in urban and rural areas in Minhang district of Shanghai through the social economic and clinical data of the elderly population.Methods Jiangchuan Street and Pujiang town were randomly selected to represent the urban and rural population in Minhang district of Shanghai,respectively.Based on the over-60-year old people health examination program,6151 objectives with complete clinical-epidemiological data and bio-chemical index were investigated.The prevalence of CKD in urban and rural areas was compared,and the correlation factors for the urban and rural CKD were evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis.Results (1) The survey objectives with an average age of (69.57+7.04) years,including 4345 cases of the city residents and 1806 cases of rural residents,were enrolled.The age structures of urban and rural showed differences,population over 80 years old account for 13.1％ of the rural total,significantly higher than 7.4％ in the urban population (P ＜ 0.001).(2) The prevalence rates of diabetes,hyperuricemia,hyperlipidemia and hyperlipidemia in urban residents were higher than those in rural residents,which were 26.4％ vs 13.7％,9.9％ vs 2.3％,53.7％ vs 37.4％,51.4％ vs 15.6％ (all P＜ 0.01).The awareness rates of kidney disease and hyperlipidemia showed significant differences in urban and rural areas,which were 32.9％ vs 44.2％,84.6％ vs 62.8％ (all P ＜ 0.01).Compared with those in rural areas,the treatment rates of hypertension and high blood lipids in urban residents were increased (all P ＜ 0.01).(3) The prevalence of CKD was 23.4％.Female CKD prevalence was higher than male,respectively 26.3％ and 18.5％ (P ＜ 0.01).In urban CKD prevalence was 22.2％,lower than 25.2％ in rural.The prevalence rate of hematuria in urban areas was lower than in rural areas,but the prevalence rate of decline in renal function was higher (all P ＜ 0.05).With the increase of age,the prevalence rate of CKD was increased (P ＜ 0.01).(4) Age (OR=1.072),smoking history (OR=1.543),previous history of kidney disease (OR=1.351),diabetes (OR=1.373),hyperuricemia (OR=2.498),obesity (OR=1.364),history of interventional therapy (OR=1.896) had positive correlation with CKD in city elderly population,while the higher education (OR=0.676,OR=0.604) and drinking (OR=0.585) had negative correlation (all P ＜ 0.05).Age (OR=1.032),female (OR=1.860) had positive correlation with CKD in rural elderly population (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions CKD has been a common chronic progressive disease of the aged in Minhang district.The prevalence of CKD is higher in urban areas than in rural.Age is a common factor for CKD in urban and rural.Previous smoking,history of kidney disease,diabetes,hyperuricemia,obesity,history of interventional therapy,education and drinking have correlation with urban CKD patients.Female has correlation with rural CKD population.
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Objective To establish the quality standard for Shengxinfa Capsule. Methods TLC was used to identify Praeparata, Psoraleae Fructus and Gastrodiae Rhizoma in Shengxinfa Capsule, and 2,3,5,4’-the four-stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside was identified by HPLC. The column of Agilent TC-C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) was used. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water (15∶85). The flow was 1.0 mL/min and column temperature was 30 ℃. UV detecting wavelength was 320 nm. Results Praeparata, Psoraleae Fructus and Gastrodiae Rhizoma could be identified by TLC. The linear range of 2,3,5,4’-the four-stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside was in the range of 0.05-0.50 μg. The average recovery was 97.8% (RSD=0.39%). Conclusion The method is feasible and accurate. The quality of Shengxinfa Capsule can be controlled effectively with the established quality standard.
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ObjectiveTo elucidate the association between aquaporins (AQPs) expression in kidney tissue and edema of nephrotic syndrome(NS) patients.MethodsNS patients were divided into edema group (14 cases) and non-edema group (8 cases).Ten patients without NS were used as control group.Expressions of AQP1,AQP2,and AQP4 in renal tissues of 3 groups were detectedbyimmunohistochemistrywithstandardtechniquesandsemi-quantitativeanalysis.Association between AQPs expression and edema was examined.ResultsThe positive index of AQP1 expression in proximal tubules in edema group was 0.0373±0.0110,which was significantly lower as compared to non-edema group (0.0510±0.0120) and control group 0.0574±0.0100),while the difference between non-edema and control groups was not significant.The positive index of AQP1 expression in glomerulus was 0.0106±0.0037 in edema group,which was significantly higher than that in non-edema group(0.0021±0.0013) and control group(0.0020±0.0012),while no significant difference was found between the last two groups.AQP2 mainly localized in the collecting duct system.The positive indexes of AQP2 expression were 0.0498±0.0081,0.0370± 0.0072 and 0.0255±0.0103 in edema group,non-edema group and control group,respectively.The differences were significant among 3 groups.AQP4 expression was not found in the renal cortex and collecting duct system.ConclusionsAQPs expression is different in renal tissues of NS patients.AQP2 may play an important role in the edema of NS patients,and AQP1 may involve in the occurrence of edema.
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Objective To describe the circadian profiles of interdialytic blood pressure in maintenance hemodialysis patients and to investigate its related factors. Methods Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM)was conducted in forty-four patients on regular hemodialysis during interdialytic days.Three groups were identified with their ambulatory blood pressure:non-hypertension group,controlled hypertension group and uncontrolled hypeaension group.Hemoglobin,creatinine,Kt/V,serum total calcium,serum phosphate,immunoreactive parathyroid hormone(iPTH),interdialytic weight gain and Morisky self-report scale etc.were assessed. Results (1)No significant difference was found in ABPM index ranged from decline in nocturnal systolic and diastolic blood pressure,AASI to dipper percentage in three groups.Nevertheless,24-h average pulse pressure in uncontrolled hypertension group was higher than the other groups[(80.06+13.41)vs(53.00±7.73),(57.85±21.97)mm Hg,all P＜0.01].(2)All the three groups showed the blood pressure profile of double-peak and trough.In the uncontrolled hypertension group,however,the nocturnal blood pressure decrease was not notable.(3)Nocturnal systolic blood pressure decline Was negatively correlated to iPTH(r=-0.039,P＜0.05).(4)In ten dippers out of all 44 patients,AASI was negatively correlated with nocturnal diastolic blood pressure decline (r=-0.748,P＜0.05). Conclusion Nocturnal blood pressure decline is correlated to iPTH and arterial selerosis.
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Objective To find out the differences of bergenin content in Ardisia crenata from different regions and its different parts,and suggest its medicinal parts. Methods The bergenin content in different parts of Ardisia crenata was identified by TLC and determined by HPLC. Results The difference of bergenin content in different parts of Ardisia crenata was significant,and that in stems was better than in roots,which in the leaves was the lest. Conclusion The stem was regarded as the available medicinal resources and is worth exploiting.
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Objective To establish a HPLC method for determining emodin in Radix et Caulis Ventilaginis leiocarpae. Methods Stationary phase was Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 (4.6 mm?150 mm, 5 ?m), mobile phase was methanol-0.1%phosphoric (75∶25), detection wavelength was 285 nm, flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and column temperature was 30 ℃. Results There was good linearity in the range of 0.006 3～0.063 ?g for emodin (r=0.999 9). The average recovery of emodin was 102.0% with RSD=1.58%. Conclusion This method is rapid and accurate. It can be applied to control the quality of Radix et Caulis Ventilaginis leiocarpae.
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Objective To establish the quality standard for Tianqi Granule.Methods Radix Notoginseng in Tianqi Granule was identified by TLC.The ginsenoside Rg1 and notoginsenoide R1 in Tianqi were determined by HPLC.Result Radix Notoginseng could be identified by TLC.The linear ranges of ginsenoside Rg1 and notoginsenoide R1 were at 0.628～5.652 ?g(r =0.999 8)and 0.155～1.395 ?g(r =0.999 8),respectively.The average recoveries were 99.24%(RSD=0.84%)and 99.14%(RSD=1.13%).Conclusion The method is simple,accurate and with good reproducibility and high precision,and can be used for quality control of Tianqi Granule.
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Objective To establish a HPLC method for determining the content of oleanolic acid in Radix araliae armatae.Methods Stationary phase was Lichrospher-C18(4.6 mm?250 mm,5 ?m),mobile phase was methanol-0.2% phosphoric(85:15),detection wavelength was 210 nm,flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and column temperature was 30 ℃.Results There was good linearity in the range of 0.059～0.59 ?g for oleanolic acid.The average recovery of oleanolic acid were 95.4% with RSD=0.67%(n=6).Conclusion This method is rapid and accurate.It can be applied to control the quality of Radix araliae armatae effectively.